What Are Free Radicals and How Do They Impact Skin Aging?
3 min read
MAY 15, 2022
SKIN SCIENCE
What Are Free Radicals and How Do They Impact Skin Aging?
3 min read
MAY 15, 2022
SKIN SCIENCE
If you think of your skin as the superhero (we certainly do!), its worst enemies are free radicals. These molecules have been studied extensively for their roles in aging and disease, and exposing the skin to these molecular villains is a leading cause of photoaging and can drive skin cancers. [1]
If you think of your skin as the superhero (we certainly do!), its worst enemies are free radicals. These molecules have been studied extensively for their roles in aging and disease, and exposing the skin to these molecular villains is a leading cause of photoaging and can drive skin cancers. [1]
01
What are free radicals in skin and what causes them?
Free radicals are unstable forms of molecules that can disrupt important cell components like DNA and protein, which are critical for optimal cell health. Free radicals are characterized by an unpaired electron state, making them highly reactive. This means they will bind indiscriminately with other molecules to steal an electron in order to become stabilized. The electron donor’s state thus suddenly becomes unbalanced, generating a domino effect as the donor then also converts into an unpaired, unstable molecule on the hunt for electrons. You may have also heard of the term reactive oxygen species (ROS) in your own reading. What is the difference between free radicals and ROSs? ROSs are a subtype of free radicals; reactive particles containing oxygen molecule(s) with unpaired electrons. Now, while this all sounds a bit scary, this process occurs normally in the body as a byproduct of energy production in the powerhouses of the cell, the mitochondria. As such, our body evolved to develop protective antioxidant mechanisms to keep energy levels in check, but high levels of free radicals are definitely cause for concern. Uncontrolled free radical behavior eventually leads to irreversible changes in biological molecules’ structure and function – and even disease on a larger scale.
01
What are free radicals in skin and what causes them?
Free radicals are unstable forms of molecules that can disrupt important cell components like DNA and protein, which are critical for optimal cell health. Free radicals are characterized by an unpaired electron state, making them highly reactive. This means they will bind indiscriminately with other molecules to steal an electron in order to become stabilized. The electron donor’s state thus suddenly becomes unbalanced, generating a domino effect as the donor then also converts into an unpaired, unstable molecule on the hunt for electrons. You may have also heard of the term reactive oxygen species (ROS) in your own reading. What is the difference between free radicals and ROSs? ROSs are a subtype of free radicals; reactive particles containing oxygen molecule(s) with unpaired electrons. Now, while this all sounds a bit scary, this process occurs normally in the body as a byproduct of energy production in the powerhouses of the cell, the mitochondria. As such, our body evolved to develop protective antioxidant mechanisms to keep energy levels in check, but high levels of free radicals are definitely cause for concern. Uncontrolled free radical behavior eventually leads to irreversible changes in biological molecules’ structure and function – and even disease on a larger scale.
02
How do free radicals affect the skin?
Free radical exposure and ROS production can be exacerbated by lifestyle choices, such as poor diet, smoking, exposure to environmental pollutants in the air, and/or exposure to UV rays (sun) and other types of radiation. ROS formation is a large cause of cellular damage. Cellular stress caused by free radical damage is termed “oxidative stress” and is an established hallmark of aging. [2] Oxidative stress unleashes all kinds of harm that reduces skin function. When a skin cell is bombarded with too many free radicals, DNA becomes damaged to the point of inactivation, leading to cell death or even mutations in genes that can trigger skin cancer development. [3] Free radicals can also severely impair protein in the skin. This has been reported through ROS-mediated degradation of components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) like collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. Disruption of the ECM network leads to a weakening of the skin barrier and many signs of extrinsic aging. [1] Oxidative damage can also react with the microbes and oil on the surface of the skin, causing oxidation of lipids in sebum that can trigger inflammation and lead to acne. [5]
02
How do free radicals affect the skin?
Free radical exposure and ROS production can be exacerbated by lifestyle choices, such as poor diet, smoking, exposure to environmental pollutants in the air, and/or exposure to UV rays (sun) and other types of radiation. ROS formation is a large cause of cellular damage. Cellular stress caused by free radical damage is termed “oxidative stress” and is an established hallmark of aging. [2] Oxidative stress unleashes all kinds of harm that reduces skin function. When a skin cell is bombarded with too many free radicals, DNA becomes damaged to the point of inactivation, leading to cell death or even mutations in genes that can trigger skin cancer development. [3] Free radicals can also severely impair protein in the skin. This has been reported through ROS-mediated degradation of components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) like collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. Disruption of the ECM network leads to a weakening of the skin barrier and many signs of extrinsic aging. [1] Oxidative damage can also react with the microbes and oil on the surface of the skin, causing oxidation of lipids in sebum that can trigger inflammation and lead to acne. [5]
03
How do you know if you have free radicals?
Free radicals are a consequence of being a living, breathing human being. However, skin damaged by an abundance of free radicals, due to external exposures, will have similar characteristics often seen in skin aging. Photoaged skin - or premature skin aging caused by UV radiation - exhibits visible signs such as:
- Uneven skin tone on body
- Reduced elasticity
- Discoloration
- Fine lines/wrinkles
- Dull skin
- Redness/broken blood vessels
03
How do you know if you have free radicals?
Free radicals are a consequence of being a living, breathing human being. However, skin damaged by an abundance of free radicals, due to external exposures, will have similar characteristics often seen in skin aging. Photoaged skin - or premature skin aging caused by UV radiation - exhibits visible signs such as:
- Uneven skin tone on body
- Reduced elasticity
- Discoloration
- Fine lines/wrinkles
- Dull skin
- Redness/broken blood vessels
04
Do antioxidants fight free radicals in the skin?
So, how do antioxidants help skin anyways? Antioxidants have been widely incorporated in supplements and cosmetics applications for the purpose of combating free radicals within the skin. This does not mean antioxidants in a peptide moisturizer or peptide body lotion are a substitute for sunscreen, but can be used in conjunction to further protect the skin barrier. Please remember to always pair antioxidant products with sunscreen for full protection against ROSs caused by UV rays. Some of the most well-known antioxidants in cosmetics [3] are:
- Vitamin A - (a.k.a retinoid acid) is a powerful antioxidant that quenches ROS but also functions to target fine lines and wrinkles, due to increasing skin cell turnover and collagen synthesis. However, certain common side effects like dryness and heightened sensitivity may make retinol unsuitable for long-term use. Additionally, retinol’s impact on the skin barrier can potentially compromise long-term skin health.
- Vitamin C - (a.k.a. ascorbic acid) is the most abundant antioxidant in skin, as a derivative of glucose metabolism.4 More stable structures of vitamin C have been synthesized and used in skincare to increase product shelf life and maximize topical antioxidant effects, outside of helping with pigmentation issues.
- Vitamin E - (a.k.a alphatocopherol) is one more potent antioxidant that primarily interacts with Vitamin C to prevent each other’s oxidation. Also a good moisturizing agent, Vitamin E protects from free radicals in oxidized lipids (oils) that are implicated in many inflammatory skin conditions.[5]
04
Do antioxidants fight free radicals in the skin?
So, how do antioxidants help skin anyways? Antioxidants have been widely incorporated in supplements and cosmetics applications for the purpose of combating free radicals within the skin. This does not mean antioxidants in a peptide moisturizer or peptide body lotion are a substitute for sunscreen, but can be used in conjunction to further protect the skin barrier. Please remember to always pair antioxidant products with sunscreen for full protection against ROSs caused by UV rays. Some of the most well-known antioxidants in cosmetics [3] are:
- Vitamin A - (a.k.a retinoid acid) is a powerful antioxidant that quenches ROS but also functions to target fine lines and wrinkles, due to increasing skin cell turnover and collagen synthesis. However, certain common side effects like dryness and heightened sensitivity may make retinol unsuitable for long-term use. Additionally, retinol’s impact on the skin barrier can potentially compromise long-term skin health.
- Vitamin C - (a.k.a. ascorbic acid) is the most abundant antioxidant in skin, as a derivative of glucose metabolism.4 More stable structures of vitamin C have been synthesized and used in skincare to increase product shelf life and maximize topical antioxidant effects, outside of helping with pigmentation issues.
- Vitamin E - (a.k.a alphatocopherol) is one more potent antioxidant that primarily interacts with Vitamin C to prevent each other’s oxidation. Also a good moisturizing agent, Vitamin E protects from free radicals in oxidized lipids (oils) that are implicated in many inflammatory skin conditions.[5]
05
Can free radical damage be reversed in the skin?
There is not much scientific evidence about reversal of free radical damage with the use of antioxidants after the damage is dealt. Therefore, whenever possible, antioxidants should be used prior to any exposure to free radical-causing environments, such as UV exposure. One leading theory for antioxidants’ inability to repair DNA damage retroactively is perhaps due to cell quality control mechanisms that evaluate and discard unfit/badly damaged cells to maintain homeostasis. This means that rather than repairing the damage from free radicals, the body will often discard cells after the damage has been done.
05
Can free radical damage be reversed in the skin?
There is not much scientific evidence about reversal of free radical damage with the use of antioxidants after the damage is dealt. Therefore, whenever possible, antioxidants should be used prior to any exposure to free radical-causing environments, such as UV exposure. One leading theory for antioxidants’ inability to repair DNA damage retroactively is perhaps due to cell quality control mechanisms that evaluate and discard unfit/badly damaged cells to maintain homeostasis. This means that rather than repairing the damage from free radicals, the body will often discard cells after the damage has been done.
06
How does age impact free radical damage?
Though our bodies naturally produce some antioxidant molecules to neutralize free radicals, in addition to repairing any mild damage that can occur from normal cell function, these processes gradually deteriorate upon aging, or become prematurely stunted with unprotected sun exposure or radiation. Using OneSkin's product line, which includes OS-01 SPFs and OS-01 Topical Supplements will protect skin and help a root cause of skin aging.
06
How does age impact free radical damage?
Though our bodies naturally produce some antioxidant molecules to neutralize free radicals, in addition to repairing any mild damage that can occur from normal cell function, these processes gradually deteriorate upon aging, or become prematurely stunted with unprotected sun exposure or radiation. Using OneSkin's product line, which includes OS-01 SPFs and OS-01 Topical Supplements will protect skin and help a root cause of skin aging.
07
How can I protect my skin from free radicals?
Improving innate antioxidant capacities is one of the best ways to combat oxidative stress and to alleviate symptoms of skin pigmentation and aging. Dietary changes to incorporate more antioxidant-rich foods is one method to reduce systemic oxidative stress. However, the best method for protecting skin from free radicals is topical/local administration of antioxidant compounds, usually delivered in the form of topical skin care products. While vitamins A, C, E are popular skin care choices, botanical antioxidants within OneSkin’s product line are worthy contenders to stop oxidative stress in its tracks. Additionally, OneSkin’s proprietary peptide, OS-01, has been shown to reduce the effects of UV aging, including collagen degredation and cellular senescence [6], therefore when paired with antioxidants, OneSkin’s Topical Supplements offer a highly effective defense against the aging effects of UV.
07
How can I protect my skin from free radicals?
Improving innate antioxidant capacities is one of the best ways to combat oxidative stress and to alleviate symptoms of skin pigmentation and aging. Dietary changes to incorporate more antioxidant-rich foods is one method to reduce systemic oxidative stress. However, the best method for protecting skin from free radicals is topical/local administration of antioxidant compounds, usually delivered in the form of topical skin care products. While vitamins A, C, E are popular skin care choices, botanical antioxidants within OneSkin’s product line are worthy contenders to stop oxidative stress in its tracks. Additionally, OneSkin’s proprietary peptide, OS-01, has been shown to reduce the effects of UV aging, including collagen degredation and cellular senescence [6], therefore when paired with antioxidants, OneSkin’s Topical Supplements offer a highly effective defense against the aging effects of UV.
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Key Takeaways:
- Free radicals are unstable molecules that steal electrons from important biological molecules like DNA and protein, permanently altering their structure and function.
- Lifestyle choices can increase free radicals in the body, overwhelming natural antioxidant defenses to cause DNA damage or even generate mutations that lead to skin damage and skin cancer.
- Oxidative stress from UV exposure in skin cells is one of the main causes of skin aging.
- Skin changes such as a weakened skin barrier, and visible signs, including wrinkles, dullness, discoloration, and redness/inflammation are symptoms of free radical damage.
- Free radicals are stabilized by powerful antioxidants in the body or in topical skin care products.
- Antioxidants should be used prior to any activity that could lead to free radical production, such as sun exposure.
- OneSkin’s topical supplements contain several antioxidants for skin, along with the OS-01 peptide which has been scientifically proven to reduce the effects of UV aging to mitigate/delay visible signs of aging.
Key Takeaways:
- Free radicals are unstable molecules that steal electrons from important biological molecules like DNA and protein, permanently altering their structure and function.
- Lifestyle choices can increase free radicals in the body, overwhelming natural antioxidant defenses to cause DNA damage or even generate mutations that lead to skin damage and skin cancer.
- Oxidative stress from UV exposure in skin cells is one of the main causes of skin aging.
- Skin changes such as a weakened skin barrier, and visible signs, including wrinkles, dullness, discoloration, and redness/inflammation are symptoms of free radical damage.
- Free radicals are stabilized by powerful antioxidants in the body or in topical skin care products.
- Antioxidants should be used prior to any activity that could lead to free radical production, such as sun exposure.
- OneSkin’s topical supplements contain several antioxidants for skin, along with the OS-01 peptide which has been scientifically proven to reduce the effects of UV aging to mitigate/delay visible signs of aging.
References
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299230/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23746838/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5514576/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496685/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8509443/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-023-00109-1
References
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299230/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23746838/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5514576/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496685/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8509443/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-023-00109-1
Reviewed by Alessandra Zonari, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) and Co-Founder of OneSkin
Alessandra earned her Master’s degree in stem cell biology, and her PhD in skin regeneration and tissue engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil in collaboration with the 3B’s Research Group in Portugal. Alessandra did a second post-doctoral at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. She is a co-inventor of three patents and has published 20 peer-reviewed papers in scientific journals.
Reviewed by Alessandra Zonari, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) and Co-Founder of OneSkin
Alessandra earned her Master’s degree in stem cell biology, and her PhD in skin regeneration and tissue engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil in collaboration with the 3B’s Research Group in Portugal. Alessandra did a second post-doctoral at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. She is a co-inventor of three patents and has published 20 peer-reviewed papers in scientific journals.
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Hands and Dermal Elasticity: Understanding and Man...
The Lip Lineage: Exploring the Why Behind Wrinkled...
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A Scientific Approach to Addressing Wrinkly Skin o...
What is Skin Cycling? Understanding, Embracing, an...
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Do You Know What Clinical Claims Really Mean?
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2 Types of Wrinkles and Tips for Treating Them
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This is the Data to Look For When Choosing Skin Ca...
The Science of Sunscreen: Understanding the Optima...
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Symptoms and Causes of Melasma on Face
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Navigating Anti-Aging Skincare: The industry, the ...
Sun Spots: Causes & 3 Prevention Tips
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A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding the Differe...
How to Strengthen Your Skin: A Guide to Thicker, H...
An In-Depth Look at Glycerin: What is it and What ...
Exploring the Difference Between Hydrating and Moi...
Exploring the Difference Between Hydrating and Moi...
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3 Natural Ways to Keep Your Skin Hydrated and Glow...
3 Natural Ways to Keep Your Skin Hydrated and Glow...
How To Create A Hydrating Skin Care Routine For Dr...
How To Create A Hydrating Skin Care Routine For Dr...
Senotherapeutics, Senolytics, and Senomorphics -- ...
How OS-01 Can Help Your Collagen Levels As You Age
How OS-01 Can Help Your Collagen Levels As You Age...
4 Essential Face Cleansing Steps to Achieving a Ra...
Cleansing 101: How to Wash Your Face the Right Way...
Scientific Breakthrough: OneSkin’s scientists show...
Dry Skin 101: How To Identify This Skin Type
Developing a Skin Care Routine for Normal Skin: 4 ...
What is Normal Skin & Do I Have This Skin Type?
Moved - What is Normal Skin & Do I Have This Skin ...
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Understanding Oily Skin: Causes & Characteristics
7 Keys to Understanding Menopause and Skin Changes
Is This The Root Cause of Aging?
UV Damage Increases Cellular Senescence. Here's Ho...
Our Research Has Been Published in npj Aging
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4 Steps to Crafting the Perfect Skin Care Routine ...
A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Managin...
An In-Depth Look At The Benefits Of Moringa Oil Fo...
How to Tighten the Skin Under Your Eyes
101 Guide To Restoring Dry Skin Around The Eyes Mo...
7 Causes For Crepey Skin Under Eyes
101 Guide To Restoring Dry Skin Around The Eyes
How is OS-01 EYE different from OS-01 FACE?
How to Remove Lingering Dead Skin Cells On the Fac...
Safe Beauty, Validated: Why OneSkin trusts SkinSAF...
What is Epidermal Thickness & Why Does it Matter?
Hallmarks of Aging
What is Sensitive Skin?
Cell Turnover & Why It Slows As We Age
How to Reduce Skin Inflammation & Redness
101 Guide To Skin Tightening + 7 Noninvasive Metho...
Tight Feeling Skin: 3 Reasons Why
3 Skin Tightening Ingredients To Help Boost Skin H...
How OS-01 Works on Mature Skin
Is Fragrance Bad for Your Skin?
Are Parabens Bad for Your Skin?
Target Cellular Senescence with the Highest Concen...
Can a Plant-Based Diet Really Increase Your Health...
Eye Skin Ages Faster: Here’s How OS-01 Can Help
How OS-01 EYE Supports the Ultra-Thin Skin Around ...
The Science Behind Why The Skin Around the Eyes Ag...
How Do You Know When to Stop Using Retinol?
How To Heal Skin From Picking Your Face Too Much
6 Factors That Contribute to Slow Skin Healing
4 Foods To Avoid During Wound Healing & Why
A Complete Guide to the 4 Stages of Wound Healing
Collagen And Elastin: What Role Do They Play In Sk...
What is the Function of Skin as a Protective Barri...
Why We Want Skin To Be More, Not Less
More Than Skin Deep: How Physical Touch Predicts L...
What is Skin Inflammation? What Causes it?
How to Reverse (or Prevent) Aging Skin
Yes, You Need Sunscreen During Winter
Can You Use Hyaluronic Acid with Retinol?
Exploring the skin’s purpose in whole-body health
Stressed Skin: 4 Stress Effects on the Skin
What Does Hyaluronic Acid Do For Your Skin?
Good Genes vs. Good Habits: Which Impacts Your Lon...
How Does Sunscreen Work? How Long Does it Last?
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What Causes Dark Circles Under and Around Your Eye...
How to Brighten Eyes and Under-Eyes
Invasive vs. Non-Invasive Skincare: The pros and c...
6 Benefits of Jojoba Oil
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7 Benefits of Andiroba Oil For Skin
Why is my Skin Peeling on My Face?
What Are The Causes Of Dry, Flaky Skin On Your Fac...
PREP enhances the effects of OS-01 FACE, and the p...
Why cellular senescence is more than just one of t...
Allantoin For Skin: A Comprehensive Guide
Ceramides For Skin: Everything You Need to Know
A Simplified Guide To The Different Skin Texture T...
How OS-01 Works With Different Skin Types
How To Smooth Skin Texture On The Face: 4 Expert T...
What Causes Crepey Skin & Can It Be Avoided Altoge...
Does Niacinamide Help With Acne & Scarring?
Skin Microbiome: What It Is, Why it’s Important, A...
What Foods Cause Acne and Which Fight Against It?
The 101 Guide To Understanding Acne-Prone Skin
The Top 4 Prickly Pear Benefits for Skin
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OneSkin Notable Mention: Dave Asprey's The Human U...
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Clean Beauty: What “clean” really means and why “s...
Retinol 101: Debunking Retinol as the Gold Standar...
Menopause & Skin: What you need to know
Take an Inside Look into Our Cutting-Edge R&D Plat...
101 Guide on The Benefits of Cleansing Your Face
How OneSkin Developed the OS-01 Peptide
Cleanser Vs. Face Wash: Which Should I Reach For?
Five Common Skin Problems Experienced in Perimenop...
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Collagen For Menopause: Why Is It Necessary For He...
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The Top 3 Benefits of Peptides for Skin
How to Use Peptides In Your Skincare Regimen to Op...
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Celebrating Black History Month: A Discussion With...
Celebrating Black History Month: A Discussion With...
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What Is Senescence & Its Relationship To Aging?
Winter Skincare - How To Prevent Dry Skin this Sea...
Special Announcement: OneSkin to Donate 1% of Sale...
Biological Age: What is Biological Age, Why Does i...
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Peptides: the first piece of th...
Where Skin Health Meets Longevity
Health Is The New Wealth
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OneSkin launches MolClock, the first skin-specific...
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